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Summer 1999 Article Summaries



QUALITY vs. PRICE: Finding the right balance

Given the current upbeat mood in the numismatic marketplace, we're usually happy to pay whatever reasonable premium is required to obtain a "special" rarity. Owning the best is a smart thing to do. Ask any dealer, When was the last time a collector or investor called you searching for a mediocre coin?

The sight-unseen market still works fairly well for common-date Morgan dollars and lower-quality $20 Saints. But it just doesn't work for true rarities. So experience and knowledge plays a huge role when it comes to "stepping out" for a particular rarity.

Our experience has led us to conclude that when we locate that special high-end rarity, we shouldn't resist paying a premium price. At today's historically-low price levels, it's a great time to "pay too much" in order to acquire the very best. We feel confident it will make a big difference when you go to sell.
-- Todd Imhof, Pinnacle Rarities, Inc.

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Saint-Gaudens Double Eagle smashes the $1-million barrier for a US gold coin at auction

Charles Barber, the chief engraver of the U.S. Mint, told President Roosevelt the design was impractical because its high relief required too many strikes. Roosevelt didn't care how many strikes it took. In 1907, he ordered the Mint to go forward with trials of what has come to be know as the Ultra High Relief $20 Double Eagle.

Despite the beauty of the design, Barber's warnings about the impracticality of producing it proved correct. Not only did the Ultra High Relief require about 12 strikes, but between strikes the coin had to be taken from the press, heated red-hot, and bathed in acid. Ultimately only a few proofs of the Ultra High Relief coins were struck. They are referred to as "patterns" because they were experimental and never went into production.

On June 1, the "Norweb specimen" of the 1907 Ultra High Relief $20 Double Eagle was auctioned by Ira & Larry Goldberg Coins & Collectibles Inc. of Beverly Hills, California. The auction catalog called it "The Ultimate American Gold Coin." Bidders agreed. Tangible Asset Galleries (TAG) paid $1.1 million for the coin. Add on the 10% buyer's fee and the total price came to $1.21 million. The previous record for a US gold coin sold at auction, another Ultra High Relief Double Eagle, was $825,000, in 1996.

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Is Wall Street fixing the price of gold?

With help from the Fed, and IMF, and the Bank of England?
This past September the gold market looked to me like it was poised for one of the big moves of all time. Demand was strong and it appeared that the supply plagues of the past couple of years were subsiding. Any pre-EMU selling by European Central Banks would be over by the end of they year. The Asian crisis and scrap supply shock, which included a 300-ton mobilization from Korea alone, was behind us, and it appeared that producer forward selling would be greatly slowed because of the low gold price. That left only leased gold as a major supply concern.

The fall went on and every time it looked as if the price of gold would take off, the same crowd of bullion banks would knock it down. We then heard that this same cartel was offering unheard-of relaxed credit terms to producers if they would just sell forward. We twice received feedback from very reliable sources that US officialdom asked Asian officialdom to refrain from any aggressive gold purchases.

After all this the Counterparty Risk Management Group, led by Goldman Sachs and J.P. Morgan, was formed to manage risks in the financial sector along with the likes of Credit Suisse. How long do you think it would stand if Chrysler, GM, and Ford got together to do the same thing in the automobile industry?
-- Bill Murphy, Chairman, Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee

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...at the market-savvy U.S. Mint

Just ask Kermit the Frog --
On June 3, The Mint announced a three-year agreement with The Jim Henson Company for, yes, Kermit the Frog to serve as the official spokesfrog for the 50 States Quarters Program. The Mint selected the fabulous TV and film star to raise public awareness of the program, a 10-year initiative to commemorate each state with a unique design. Kermit will appear in an extensive print and broadcast campaign to educate Americans, especially kids, on their changing change. The potential for creating another generation of coin collectors is enormous.

"A key purpose of the 50 State Quarters Program is to reclaim and retell the story of the 50 states and the history of our nation," said Philip N. Diehl, Director of the U.S. Mint, as he hailed Kermit's appointment.

Appearing with Diehl at the Muppet Townhouse in New York City, Kermit said he was honored to join the program. "The new 50 State Quarters Program will give kids and adults the most exciting change America has ever seen," noted the goggle-eyed amphibian. "It's also a wonderful opportunity to learn some quick, fun lessons about the history of the United States."
-- Rob Schmidt

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The S.S. Brother Jonathan Treasure Trove

Gleaming 1860s golden rarities raised from the ocean floor When you're in Las Vegas, check out the 1865-S $10 Gold Eagle on display in the Treasures of Mandalay Bay Museum, in the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino. Look at the luster of this coin and you'll find it hard to believe that it spent 131 years on the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.

The coin, graded MS64 by PCGS, is the only Mint State 1865-S Eagle ever sold at auction. Museum co-owner Ronald Gillio bought it for $115,000 at the auction of the S.S. Brother Jonathan Treasure Coins, conducted by Bowers & Merena May 29 in Los Angeles.

The Eagle rested on the ocean floor along with the 1,206 other gold rarities that have been recovered, as well as who knows how many more.

Prior to the recovery of the Brother Jonathan coins, it was almost impossible to find Mint State gold coins of this era. As famed numismatist Q. David Bowers (author of the book The Treasure Ship S.S. Brother Jonathan) notes in the auction catalog, even Louis Eliasberg, who assembled the only complete date and mintmark collection of US coins, and who constantly sought the highest quality available, had no 1860-65 $20 pieces from the San Francisco Mint graded above VF30. When the Brother Jonathan coins were hoisted out of the ocean, it was as if a vault in the San Francisco Mint with a 131-year time lock had suddenly popped open, increasing the supply of some Mint State coins by a factor of more than 100.
-- Rick Rhoads

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Prooflike Morgan Silver Dollars

Beautiful and valuable cameos for collectors and investors A cameo is a coin with a frosted or satiny central device surrounded by a mirrorlike field. Most cameos are struck as proofs. Occasionally, unusual minting processes will produce business strike cameos, which are described, depending on their precise appearance, as prooflike (PL) or deep mirrorlike (DMPL).

Few coins had prooflike surfaces prior to the introduction of the Morgan dollar in 1878. Prooflike Morgans resulted from the minting process and the large diameter of the coins. Morgan dies were subjected to basining, which involves polishing the die face against a slowly revolving zinc lap. The large size of silver dollar dies allowed the fields to be polished with consistently successful results.

The most common cameo prooflikes are the San Francisco Mint (S) dollars of 1879 to 1881. During that time, the Morgan dollar was the only non-gold coin struck at San Francisco. This rare opportunity to focus on one denomination allowed the mint staff to produce large numbers of silver dollars with a well struck, highly lustrous appearance.

Prooflike and deep mirror prooflike Morgan dollars are always popular. They are more immune to large price fluctuations than other coins. Collect them and gain satisfaction from their beauty, their history, and their potential for appreciation.
-- Wayne Miller, author of "The Morgan and Peace Dollar Textbook"

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The Most Beautiful Coins of the Century

Each of the past three issues of Coin Connoisseur presented two candidates for your consideration as the most beautiful coin of the 20th Century. Here are two additional candidates. Two more coins will be featured in our Fall issue. Once all ten coins have appeared in the magazine they will be posted on our Web site, where you will be invited to cast your vote for The Most Beautiful Coin of the Century&153;.

Finland's Bimetallic Coin
In 1995 Finland produced a remarkably beautiful bimetallic coin, celebrating the country’s membership in the European Union. The 10 mark coin has a .585 fine gold alloy core surrounded by a sterling silver ring. The minimalist designs by Pertti Mkinen (born in 1952) feature plants and a gracefully soaring swan. The artist "signed" the obverse with his initial "M."

The Bremerhaven 5 Reichsmark
A 5 Reichsmark silver coin, issued during the brief recovery of the German economy from 1923 until the worldwide depression began in 1929, has become one of the most popular European large crown-size coins. In 1927, 50,000 business strikes (Brilliant Uncirculated) and a small number of Proofs were produced at the Berlin Mint to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the port of Bremerhaven, appropriately featuring a handsome sailing ship.
-- Mel Wacks

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Gold reaches a 20-year low

Is now the time to buy?
The major Wall Street investment houses and the US, European, and Japanese central banks are conspiring to suppress the price of gold. If conspiracy theories rub you the wrong way, please just substitute the following phrase into the previous sentence: "are shaping their investment and loan policies in such a way that the price of gold sinks."

On July 6, the Bank of England sold 25 tonnes of gold - it plans to sell 415 tonnes - and the price of gold dropped $7 per oz.

Ultimately, it is the fundamentals, not the maneuvering of the financial houses and the banks, that will prevail. Gold in the $250s is a once-in-a-lifetime (well, twice for some of us) proposition. Could it go down to $200? Yes. But because of the fundamentals it is not likely to stay there. Could it return to the $800 levels of January, 1980? Yes. If you buy gold now, are you likely to make a substantial profit over the next five or ten years? Yes. Is putting a portion of your assets into gold at these prices a sound insurance policy against leaving having all your assets in stocks, bonds, and cash? Yes, yes, yes.

One final historical note. The last time the Bank of England sold a substantial amount gold was from 1965 to 1971, when the price of gold was pegged by the US government at $35 an ounce. They sold 1300 tonnes - two thirds of their holdings. Nine years later, gold reached a record high of $827/oz.
-- Barry Stuppler

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Polar bear goes platinum

Joins the eagle and the koala
Fifty percent of the world's polar bears live in Canada.
Now this splendid symbol of Canada and the arctic will appear on Canada's platinum bullion coins, joining the US platinum eagle and the Australian platinum koala among the wildlife depicted on the most precious of the precious metals. The Royal Canadian Mint (RCM) announced July 7 that the maple leaf will fall from the reverse of some of its 1999 Platinum Maple Leaf coins, to be replaced by the polar bear. Queen Elizabeth II's position is secure; she will continue to grace the obverse of each design of the platinum coin.

The polar bear coin, which will be available through the RCM's North American network of bullion dealers and distributors, provides investors with another way to own platinum. The largest denomination, with a nominal value of Canadian $50, is similar in investment value, if not design, to the 1 oz ($100 face value) US platinum eagle. Its weight is also 1 oz (31.150 grams), and it is also fabricated from platinum with a purity of .9995, as is the entire series. In addition to the 1 oz coin, the polar bear, like the US platinum eagle, is available in 1/2, 1/4, and 1/10 oz sizes. But Canada has gone a step further: there's a 1/20 oz coin as well (face value Canadian $1), perhaps for parking meters in the tundra.
-- Rick Rhoads

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The independent grading services made sight-unseen trading possible

NumisMedia is out to make it work
The advent of certification, especially PCGS, NGC, ANACS, and new entrant ICG, has significantly stabilized the grading of coins. Prior to 1986, grading was left to the individual coin dealer. Grades often varied from three to five points from dealer to dealer, and that was just for Mint State coins. Circulated grades could vary 10-20 points.

Independent certification may not entirely eliminate subjectivity; it does, however, limit it. A coin graded MS63 that is at the top of its range might be graded MS64 if resubmitted, even to the same grading service, but it won't come back MS66. This increase in consistency gives all coin buyers a sporting chance. Independent certification stabilizes quality, one of the two main elements in the marketing of rare coins.

The other main element is price. For well over one hundred years rare coins were traded between knowledgeable numismatists, most often on a sight basis. Along with independent certification and grading came the idea that rare coins could and should trade sight unseen, like stocks. The problem is that while every share of stock in a particular company is identical, rare coins, even those of the same issue and grade, are not. The result: the lowest quality coins within a grade become the standard of value for the entire spectrum of coins in that grade.

Bid-based sight-unseen trading has ruptured the value structure of rare coins over the last ten years. NumisMedia (www.numismedia.com) was created to enlighten the collector regarding the fair market value of coins in the middle to high end of their grade, and to make it possible for collectors and dealers to buy such coins sight-unseen with confidence.
-- Dennis R. Baker, President and Senior Editor, Numismedia.

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Inside the grading services: Coins go in, slabs come out.

What happens behind the locked doors?
NGC (Numismatic Guarantee Corporation) and PCGS (Professional Coin Grading Service) have been authenticating and grading rare coins for more than a decade and have become the backbone of the modern numismatic marketplace. Dealers, collectors, and investors readily trade NGC and PCGS certified products, but few of know much about the certification process and what goes through a grader’s mind when he grades your coins.

Mark Feld, senior numismatist for Pinnacle Rarities, Inc. and former NGC grader has generously agreed to answer Coin Connoisseur's questions about how the grading services work. The full interview appeared in the print magazine. Here are two excerpts:

CC: How does a grader arrive at a numerical grade? What characteristics are taken into consideration, and which are most important?
Feld: A grader will consider numerous factors, including strike, luster, color, surface imperfections (of mint origin or otherwise), toning, originality and eye-appeal. While not every grader would agree with me, I have always believed a coin's overall eye-appeal is the single most important consideration, since most of the other characteristics contribute to the coin's look. Thus eye-appeal is a combination of several criteria and provides the important all-encompassing impression of a coin. In order to arrive at a numerical grade, a grader will take all these factors into account and judge a coin against an imaginary, "theoretically perfect" coin. In addition, we judge a coin against other coins of the same type, date, and mint - taking into account specific characteristics for that particular issue. In other words, we use different criteria when viewing a proof Two-Cent piece than when examining an 1880-S Morgan dollar. We'll even judge an S-mint Peace dollar differently than a D-mint issue, and so on.

CC: Do you think there's a difference in grading standards between viewing a coin on the open bourse area, where many dealers buy their coins, and the controlled environment of the NGC and PCGS grading facilities?
Feld: Absolutely. AT NGC we worked in a closed-off room with individual lamps at each grading station and no overhead lighting. This provides consistent conditions from day to day. Dealers and collectors who examine coins on a bourse floor at coin shows are obviously viewing coins under inconsistent conditions. Typically, the lighting differs from one table to the next - at the same coin show - let alone from expo to expo. As you can imagine, consistency in lighting is imperative to consistency in grading. There is definitely an advantage to the controlled environment of a grading room.




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